Author:
B. Sauvage ; R. V. Martin ; A. van Donkelaar ; X. Liu ; K. Chance ; L. Jaeglé ; P. I. Palmer ; S. Wu ; T.-M. Fu

Abstract:
We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to evaluate the consistency of satellite measurements of lightning flashes and ozone precursors with in situ measurements of tropical tropospheric ozone. The measurements are tropospheric O₃, NO₂, and HCHO columns from the GOME satellite instrument, lightning flashes from the OTD and LIS satellite instruments, profiles of O₃, CO, and relative humidity from the MOZAIC aircraft program, and profiles of O₃ from the SHADOZ ozonesonde network. We interpret these multiple data sources with our model to better understand what controls tropical tropospheric ozone. Tropical tropospheric ozone is mainly affected by lightning NO_x and convection in the upper troposphere and by surface emissions in the lower troposphere. Scaling the spatial distribution of lightning in the model to the observed flashes improves the simulation of O₃ in the upper troposphere by 5-20 ppbv versus in situ observations and by 1-4 Dobson Units versus GOME retrievals of tropospheric O₃ columns. A lightning source strength of 6±2 Tg N/yr best represents in situ observations from aircraft and ozonesonde. Tropospheric NO₂ and HCHO columns from GOME are applied to provide top-down constraints on emission inventories of NO_x (biomass burning and soils) and VOCs (biomass burning). The top-down biomass burning inventory is larger than the bottom-up inventory by a factor of 2 for HCHO and alkenes, and by a factor of 2.6 for NO_x over northern equatorial Africa. These emissions increase lower tropospheric O₃ by 5-20 ppbv, improving the simulation versus aircraft observations, and by 4 Dobson Units versus GOME observations of tropospheric O₃ columns. Emission factors in the a posteriori inventory are more consistent with a recent compilation from in situ measurements. The ozone simulation using two different dynamical schemes (GEOS-3 and GEOS-4) is evaluated versus observations; GEOS-4 better represents O₃ observations by 5-15 ppbv, reflecting enhanced convective detrainment in the upper troposphere. Heterogeneous uptake of HNO₃ on aerosols reduces simulated O₃ by 5-7 ppbv, reducing a model bias versus in situ observations over and downwind of deserts. Exclusion of HO₂ uptake on aerosols increases O₃ by 5 ppbv in biomass burning regions, reducing a model bias versus MOZAIC aircraft measurements.

Journal: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Issn: 16807316
EIssn: 16807324
Year: 2007
Volume: 7
Issue: 3

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Technorati : GEOS-3, GEOS-4, GEOS-Chem, MOZAIC

Author: Blišťan Peter

Abstract:

Thematic maps, models and space simulations 3D are frequent form of geological data in GIS. Thematic maps and spatial should represent models date quantitative and qualitative measurement and ground laboratory study in an appropriate form. Point line of the use of trademarks and form of qualitative dates in a practice.On creating thematic maps, models and computer simulations to work together. Researchers and engineers from various special-oriented (geologist, surveyors, builder, ecology, programmer) working together on the creation of thematic maps, the different models and computer simulation. It is important that all the directions and methodological principles were observed in the creation of GIS because GIS can be accumulated in practice not to use.

Journal: Acta Montanistica Slovaca Year: 2007 Vol: 12 Issue: speci 3

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Technorati : geology ; data ; Geographic information systems ; model ; simulation ; thematic maps

Author:
Gustafson Carl ;
Bug William ;
Nissanov Jonathan

Abstract

Background

Biomedical three-dimensional images sets are becoming ubiquitous, and the atlas canonical providing the framework for spatial analysis. To take full advantage of this 3D image sets, we must be able to present the views 2D display, or the surface of records or 2D cross-sections through the data. Typical of the software is limited to presentations on one of the three orthogonal axes anatomical (coronal, sagittal or horizontal). However, the data sets specifically oriented along the major roads are rare. To make full use of these data, one must reasonably reflect the atlas guidance, which implies resampling in the atlas planes compared with the data set. Traditionally, this requires the atlas and the browser are on the user's desktop, unfortunately, in addition to being monolithic programs, these tools often require substantial resources. In this article, we describe a network capable, and client part of the deal and 3D visualization atlases at off-axis angles, with a score of architecture and development kit to facilitate their integration in complex environments data analysis.

Results

Here, we describe the basic architecture of a client / server 3D visualization system, consisting of a thin client built on a Java Development Kit, and a calculation robust, high-performance server written in ANSI C + +. The client Java components (NetOStat) support arbitrary viewing angle and manage readily available on desktop computers running Mac OS X, Windows XP or Linux in a downloadable Java Application. Using the NeuroTerrain Software Development Kit (SDK NT), Atlas of sophisticated navigation can be added to any application compatible Java requiring as little as 50 lines of Java code glue, which makes it eminently re-useable and more accessible to programmers build more complex, the tools for analyzing biomedical data. The NT-SDK separates interactive GUI components from the server control and monitoring, in order to support the development of non-interactive applications. The application server takes full advantage of the data center of high performance equipment, which can be located together with centrally-located, 3D data repositories, expanding access to the research community through the Internet.

Conclusion

The combination of a server optimized and modular platform independent client offers an ideal environment for 3D visualization complex biomedical data, taking full advantage of high-performance servers to prepare imagery and subsets of metadata for display, as well as the graphical capabilities in Java to actually display the data.

Journal: BMC Bioinformatics Year: 2007 Vol: 8 Issue: 1

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Technorati : 3D data repositories, 3D image, biomedical data, spatial analysis

Author:
Lynch Andy ;
Neal David ;
Kelly John ;
Burtt Glyn ;
Thorne Natalie

Abstract

Background
There are mechanisms, including ozone degradation, which can damage a single channel of two-channel microarray experiments. Analysis therefore often choose between unacceptable inclusion of the poor quality of data or exclusion of certain unpleasant (perhaps a lot of) good quality data as well as the bad. Two of these approaches will be a single channel using some data analysis of all tables, and an analysis of all data, but only about paintings unchanged. In this paper we examine a "combined" approach to the analysis of these experiments affected that uses all the data unchanged.

Results
A simulation experience shows that if a single channel performs an analysis relatively well while the majority of the tables are affected, and the exclusion of affected tables performs relatively well when some tables are affected (as would be expected in both cases) the combined approach performs both off. There are advantages to actively pursue the estimation of the key parameters of the approach, but if they offset the rising cost of computation and complexity of more than just setting parameter to a fixed value n ' is unclear. The inclusion data affected ozone results in poor performance, with a clear purpose in the apparent damage.

Conclusion
It is not necessary to exclude data not allocated, in order to remove those that are damaged. The combined approach discussed here is displayed on the outside make more usual approach, but it seems that if the damage is limited to very few tables, or spreads almost everything, then the benefits will be limited. In other circumstances, however, major improvements in performance can be achieved through the adoption of such an approach.

Journal : BMC Bioinformatics [Year: 2007 ; Volume: 8; Issue: 1]

Author:
K. W. Smith ;
A. L. Aretxabaleta

Abstract:
Expectation maximization (EM) was used to estimate the parameters of a Gaussian mixture model spatial data series. The method is presented as an alternative and complement to Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. The weight, combining points with time component distributions are used to distinguish the physical regimes. The method is applied to data equatorial Pacific surface temperature of the sea from the TAO / TRITON mooring series. Indeed, the EM algorithm partitions of the time series in El Niño, La Niña and normal conditions. The EM method leads to a clear interpretation of the variability associated with each basic scheme of analysis EOF.

Journal: Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics

Technorati : El Niño, La Niña

Author:
Peter Janssen
Werner Alpers

Institution
ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading RG2 9AX, United Kingdom Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 53, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany

Summary
It would be desirable to have a tool for the global recognition for the phenomenon of rogue states or on the surface of the ocean Waves. Based on the theory of SAR imaging of the surface of the ocean waves developed in the 1980's, argues Despite the recent period, which claim the contrary, it is not possible for the data to SAR wave mode and the ERS The Envisat satellite.

The main reason is that due to the movement of the surface of the sea, the SAR imaging Mechanism is usually not very linear. The resolution SAR images of the ocean is a place very distorted wave Pictures of the ocean wave city, which is little resemblance to the reality of city water. The exceptions are Perhaps if narrow-band trains Swell on the rank in the direction of the wind, a lack of marine However, These cases are rare and can not be regarded as a representative cross-section of the global division of the sea, the United States.

The courts of the highest in the SAR image of the intensity or the "groupiness" picture distribution of intensity not Not as a rule are the locations for the maximum amplitude of the waves or in the "groupiness" in the water. So it is not possible to deal with this technology, reliable information on the probability of occurrence Extreme waves of the ocean in global

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Technorati : Extreme, Global, SAR, Wave

Report of the Second Workshop on The Biology and Conservation of Small Cetaceans and Dugongs of South-East Asia

Editor:
W. F. Perrin,
R. R. Reeves,
M. L. L. Dolar,
T. A. Jefferson,
H. Marsh,
J. Y. Wang
J. Estacion

Introduction
This document is the report of the Second Workshop on the Biology and Conservation of Small Cetaceans and Dugongs of Southeast Asia,
held in the Philippines at Silliman University in Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, 24-26 July, 2002. The first workshop was held in 1995, also at Silliman University; it was sponsored by the United Nations Environment Programme (Perrin et al. 1996). The second workshop was sponsored by the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention. Additional support for participants was provided by the Ocean Park Conservation Foundation in Hong Kong, WWF-US, and WWF-Philippines. Content and participation were organized by the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of U.S. NOAA Fisheries and the consulting firm Tropical Marine Research. Travel and local arrangements were organized by the Marine Laboratory of Silliman University (SUML). Scientists and conservationists were present from Australia, Cambodia, Canada, China (Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong), Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, U.S. and Vietnam.

Published by :
UNEP/CMS Secretariat, Bonn, Germany, 161 pages
CMS Technical Series Publication No. 9 - 2005

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Technorati : Biology, CMS, Cetaceans, Conservation, Dugongs, NOAA, South-East Asia, TMR, UNEP, WWF

Author:
Hennessy Deborah ;
Hicks Carolyn ;
Hilan Aflah ;
Kawonal Yoanna

Abstract

Background

Indonesia's recent economic and political history has left a legacy of widespread poverty and serious health problems, and has contributed to marked inequalities in health care. One means of responding to these challenges has been through a reconsideration of the professional roles of nurses, to enable them to deal with the range and complexity of health problems. However, there are currently a number of obstacles to achieving these aims: there is a serious shortfall in trained nurses; the majority of nurses have only limited education and preparation for the role; and there is no central registration of nurses, which means that it is impossible to regulate either the profession or the standards of care. This study aimed to establish the occupational profiles of each grade of nurse, identify their training and development needs and ascertain whether any differences existed between nurses working in different regions or within hospital or community settings.

Methods

An established and psychometrically valid questionnaire was administered to 524 nurses, covering three grades and coming from five provinces.

Results

Significant differences in job profile were found in nurses from different provinces, suggesting that the nature of the role is determined to some degree by the geographical location of practice. The roles of hospital and community nurses, and the different grades of nurse, were fairly similar. All nurses reported significant training needs for all 40 tasks, although these did not vary greatly between grade of nurse. The training needs of nurses from each of the provinces were quite distinct, while those of hospital nurses were greater than those of community nurses.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the role of the nurse is not as diverse as might be expected, given the different levels of preparation and training and the diversity of their work environments. This may reflect the lack of a central registration system and quality framework, which would normally regulate clinical activities according to qualifications. The differences in training needs between subsections of the sample highlight the importance of identifying skills deficits and using this information to develop customized post-registration education programmes. Together, these results provide a rigorous and reliable approach to defining the occupational roles and continuing education needs of Indonesian nurses.

Published by :
Human Resources for Health, 4:10doi:10.1186/1478-4491-4-10
Issn: 14784491
Year: 2006
Volume: 4

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Technorati : Education, Health, Indonesia, Nurse, hospital, psychometric, training
Del.icio.us : Education, Health, Indonesia, Nurse, hospital, psychometric, training

Author:
C. Leemhuis and G. Gerold
Department of Geography, University of G¨ottingen, Germany

Abstract:
Precipitation anomalies caused by the warm phase (El Nino) of the ENSO cycle lead to a strong decrease of water resources in South-East Asia. The aim of this work is to study the impact of warm phase ENSO caused precipitation anomalies on the water balance of a mesoscale tropical catchment in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia using a scenario analysis. We applied statistically generated precipitation anomalies caused by warm phase ENSO events on a validated hydrological model of the Palu River catchment (2694 km2) to investigate the implications of the generated ENSO scenarios on the total annual water balance, the annual discharge regime and the discharge variability. Moreover we analysed the influence of various catchment characteristics during warm phase ENSO conditions on the discharge variability through a comparison of different sub-catchment types. The results of the scenario analysis proved a severe decline of the annual discharge rate during warm phase ENSO conditions and an increase of the overall discharge variability.

Published by :
Advances in Geosciences, 6, 217-220, 2006
SRef-ID: 1680-7359/adgeo/2006-6-217
European Geosciences Union

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Technorati : Advances in Geosciences, Anomalies, ENSO, El Nino, Indonesia, Mesoscale, Palu, South-East Asia, Tropical
Del.icio.us : Advances in Geosciences, Anomalies, ENSO, El Nino, Indonesia, Mesoscale, Palu, South-East Asia, Tropical

Author:
Ken Moule
Exa-Min Resource Industry Consultants Pty Ltd

Abstract:
This paper investigates models for management of extended Geosciences data sets, based on experience collating historic and current data sets to build a three dimensional model of the Gympie Eldorado Mine. Rather than migrate all data to restrictive GIS data structures, the consultants integrated a range of specialist and "off-the-shelf" applications, into a unified data management model. The GeoBasemap MapLinker product is being deployed to provide active, two-way links between the MapInfo GIS and third party applications. This model accommodates extended data types such as images, word processor documents and spreadsheets, as well as managing interaction with sensitive data via database forms, rather than allowing uncontrolled edit of attributes through traditional GIS interfaces. Exa-Min's experience in managing the complex Gympie data set has led to further refinement of the MapLinker product, that is now being deployed in the wider GIS community.

Published by :

Australian Institute of Geoscientists
AIG Journal - Applied geoscientific research and practice in Australia
Paper 2000-05 April 2000

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Technorati : AIG Journal, GIS, Mapinfo, database, gympie

Author:
M. R. Mulholland
Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, 4600 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia
23529-0276, USA

Abstract:
While we now know that N2 fixation is a significant source of new nitrogen (N) in the marine environment, little is known about the fate of this N (and associated C), despite the importance of diazotrophs to global carbon and nutrient cycles. Specifically, does N fixed during N2 fixation fuel autotrophic or heterotrophic growth and thus facilitate carbon (C) export from the euphotic zone, or does it contribute primarily to bacterial productivity and respiration in the euphotic zone? For Trichodesmium, the diazotroph we know the most about, the transfer of recently fixed N2 (and C) appears to be primarily through dissolved pools. The release of N varies among and within populations and as a result of the changing physiological state of cells and populations. The net result of trophic transfers appears to depend on the co-occurring organisms and the complexity of the colonizing community. In order to understand the impact of diazotrophy on carbon flow and export in marine systems, we need a better understanding of the trophic flow of elements in Trichodesmium- dominated communities and other diazotrophic communities under various defined physiological states. Nitrogen and carbon fixation rates themselves vary by orders of magnitude within and among studies of Trichodesmium, highlighting the difficulty in extrapolating global rates of N2 fixation from direct measurements. Because the stoichiometry of N2 and C fixation does not appear to be in balance with that of particles, and the relationship between C and N2 fixation rates is also variable, it is equally difficult to derive global rates of one from the other. This paper seeks to synthesize what is known about the fate of diazotrophic production in the environment. A better understanding of the physiology and physiological ecology of Trichodesmium and other marine diazotrophs is necessary to quantify and predict the effects of increased or decreased diazotrophy in the context of the carbon cycle and global change.

Published by :
Copernicus GmbH on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.
Biogeosciences, 4, 37-51, 2007

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Technorati : N2 Fixation, Nitrogen, autotroph, carbon cycle, carbon flow, diazotroph, global change, marine, n2, ocean, trophic flow

Author:
A. Gnanadesikan (1), J. L. Russell (2), and Fanrong Zeng (3)

1) NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
2) Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
3) RSIS, Princeton, NJ, USA

Abstract:
Since the upper ocean takes up much of the heat added to the earth system by anthropogenic global warming, one would expect that global warming would lead to an increase in stratification and a decrease in the ventilation of the ocean interior. However, multiple simulations in global coupled climate models using an ideal age tracer which is set to zero in the mixed layer and ages at 1 yr/yr outside this layer show that the intermediate depths in the low latitudes, Northwest Atlantic, and parts of the Arctic Ocean become younger under global warming. This paper reconciles these apparently ontradictory trends, showing that the decreases result from changes in the relative contributions of old deep waters and younger surface waters. Implications for the tropical oxygen minimum zones, which play a critical role in global biogeochemical cycling are considered in detail.

Published by :

Copernicus GmbH on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

Ocean Science., 3, 43-53, 2007
© Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.

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Technorati : Northwest Atlantic, Oxygen, anthropogenic, artic ocean, biogeochemical, climate model, cycling, deep water, global warming, mixed layer, ocean, surface waer